The mealworm, a species within the family Tenebrionidae and order Coleoptera, is widely recognized for its potential as an alternative protein source. This beetle species undergoes complete metamorphosis, transitioning through four distinct life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult (Huis 2013). Mealworms are highly adaptable and have been found in various environments, including stored grain, decomposing organic matter, and temperate agricultural systems (Broekhoven et al. 2015). Their ability to thrive on organic waste materials makes them an attractive option for sustainable food production (Oonincx and de Boer 2012).

The larval stage, which is the most commercially valuable, is characterized by a cylindrical, segmented body measuring approximately 2.5 cm in length, with a yellow-brown exoskeleton. The pupal stage is immobile and pale, gradually darkening before emerging as an adult beetle. Adult T. beetles are dark brown to black, with an elongated oval body and functional wings, though they are weak flyers (Huis and Oonincx 2017).

Mealworms are found globally and thrive in controlled farming environments as well as natural settings. They are primarily detritivores, feeding on decaying organic matter, stored grains, and plant-based materials. When cultivated for human consumption, mealworms are commonly fed agricultural by-products such as wheat bran and vegetable waste, optimizing their protein and lipid content (Broekhoven et al. 2015). Their life cycle varies based on environmental conditions, typically ranging from 10 to 12 weeks from egg to adult under optimal temperatures and humidity levels (Huis and Oonincx 2017).

One of the most notable advantages of mealworms is their environmental sustainability compared to traditional livestock. They require significantly less land, water, and feed while producing fewer greenhouse gas emissions (Oonincx and de Boer 2012). Research indicates that mealworm farming has a lower ecological footprint than poultry and beef production, making them a viable alternative protein source in the context of climate change and global food security (Huis and Oonincx 2017). Despite these benefits, consumer acceptance remains a key challenge. Many consumers perceive insects as unappetizing due to cultural stigmas, which marketers must address through education and rebranding efforts (House 2016).